Childhood can be seen as a biological state but also a social construction. Sociologist, Aries (1960) claims that in Medieval Europe childhood was not considered a separate stage of life. Children were 'mini adults' and worked alongside elders. Parents were also detached from children due to the high infant mortality rate, with children being an economic asset rather than something they invest in.

By the 17th century attitudes had evolved. Shorter (1975) suggested that childhood became a separate stage due to religion. Children became viewed as ‘creations of God’ that were based off innocence and protection. This marked the beginning of a new, valued stage of life.

The 20th century was referred to as the ‘cult of childhood’ due to radical change in child representation. Pilcher (1995) argued society thought of childhood as a separate stage and moved towards a more ‘child-centred’ mindset with emphasis on leisure and play. Parents began to focus on their children’s hopes and dreams and their potential future. 

Transitioning into the 21st century, Palmer (2006) argued society was moving towards ‘Toxic Childhood’. Parents are using technology and junk food to appease their children instead of providing adequate socialisation. This is leading to an increase in juvenile behaviour.